when shud caching b applied beyond simple key-value lookups tho

weve all seen the when do you actually need a cache layer tho discussions. but im curious about more complex caching scenarios. beyond just storing api responses or user sessions, when have you found success applying caching strategies to things like intermediate computation results, complex object graphs, or even frequently queried data subsets that dont fit a simple key-value model? what trade-offs did you have to make, and how did you manage cache invalidation in these more intricate setups